The purposes of the study were to predict stages of change in adolescent exercise behavior, to explore the differences in decision balance and self-efficacy by stages of change, and to present the possible relationship model between stages of change, decision balance and self-efficacy. A total of 671 adolescents randomly selected from junior high and high schools in Nowon-gu district in Seoul were surveyed. Three Korean-version instruments were used to identify exercise stages of change and their relationship with exercise benefits/barriers and self-efficacy of adolescents: Stages of Change Scale for Exercise, Decision Balance for Exercise, and Self-efficacy Scale. Results indicated that of 671 adolescents 54.5% do not exercise or exercise irregularly (Precontemplation 17.5%, Contemplation 16.6% and Preparation 20.4%). Male adolescents were more likely to be in the maintenance stage, whereas females were more likely to be in the contemplation stage. The Self-efficacy scores of adolescents increased with advancing of exercise stages and were statistically significant differences between the exercise stages. In decision balance adolescents` exercise benefits and barriers were also substantially differences by each exercise stages. In addition, the results revealed that stages of exercise behavior were significantly correlated with self-efficacy, exercise benefits and exercise barriers. On the basis of these correlations, this study identified that self-efficacy, exercise benefits and exercise barriers were the significant variables to explain a possible relationship with exercise stages of adolescents. This study provides significant and new information about relatively unstudied Korean adolescents and has the potential to influence the development of better health promotion and exercise intervention for Korean adolescents in a school and community level.

The purpose of this study is to identify the structure of the term "Mental Power" construct, that is displayed about individual psychological representation in competitions or training and to develop the inventory of Mental Power in Tae Kwon Do, Judo, Wrestling and Boxing athletes. To accomplish the purpose of this study, the open question was asked to athletes in . We asked the open question "What do you think that the word Mental Power often mentioned in sports circumstances means?" to identify the structure of the term Mental Power construct, we let an expert conference(2 professor, 3 sport psychologists) analysis the material obtained by the survey. An inductive analysis was used to clarify first- and second-order themes and final stage dimensions. The results were appeared as follows, the competitive athletes regards Mental Power as Endurance, Winning Spirit, Indomitable Fighting Spirit, Overcoming Limits, Struggling Effort in psychological representation. At the , the subjects were developed an inventory of Mental Power that checked out the discriminant validity and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis. The results were appeared as follows, the Mental Power Inventory was consisted of 4 factors(Winning Spirit, Struggling Effort, Endurance, Indomitable Fighting Spirit) and 20 items. After the results of confirmatory factor analysis, all the index values was appeared fit(Q value:2.0, GFI:0.88, CFI:0.90, RMSEA:0.07, RMR:0.04).

The purpose of this study was to examine elements of transformational leadership in sport and effects of transformational leadership on athletic`s trust and identification, and performance, involvement and motivation. 414 athletics of 15 high-schools and 2 colleges participated as subject in this study. They responded on `The Sports Leaders Behavior Questionnaire` including items measuring elements of transformational leadership and athletic`s trust and identification, and performance, involvement and motivation in sport. The questionnaires were administered in winter-training camps of each team during January, 2001. To analysis data, the SAS-PC Version 8.00 for Windows was used. The construct validation and reliability of the questionnaire, factor analysis and Cronbach`s alpha coefficients were calculated. As result, 3 factors were abstracted from transformational leadership items: charisma, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. 2 factors were abstracted from items measuring the perception of leader: identification and trust. And 3 factors were abstracted from items measuring behaviors in sport: performance, involvement, and motivation. The result of this study were as follows: First, the higher were the level of individualized consideration, charisma and intellectual stimulation, the higher the level of identification, trust, performance, involvement, and motivation. Second, the higher were the level of identification, and trust, the higher the level of performance, involvement, and motivation in sport. Third, 3 elements of transformational leadership had differential effects on the identification and trust, and performance, involvement, and motivation in their sport behaviors.

Despite decades of physical activity research, little is known about the patterns and effects of physical activity among women. The purpose of this research was to examine whether reinforcement strategy would positively influence participation adherence and health in women. Thirty one middle-aged females participating in an aerobic dance class were randomly assigned to three different conditions; feedback (n=10), reward (n=11), or control (n=10). The provide of feedback group was weekly informed of their body fat(%), while participant reward group was announced to win an aerobic dance tights if they miss less than 5 times over an 8 week period meeting 5 times per week. One-way ANOVA showed that the feedback group was higher than the other 2 groups in the number of attendances (p<.05). ANCOVA indicated that the feedback group exhibited statistically greater improvements in the body fat (p<.05) and the total mood disturbance (p<.05) than did the control. The facial skin condition was independently associated with reinforcement. However, repeated t-test showed that the after condition was better than the before condition. It was concluded that provide of feedback is an effective mean in increasing the exercise attendance rate and the health of middle-aged females. The findings were discussed in terms of the importance of increasing exercise adherence and mental health.

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare Korean tennis coaches` frequency of use, and perceived effectiveness, of 13 self-efficacy building strategies to those of Australian and American tennis coaches. And this study was to compare Korean coaches` frequency of use and perceived effectiveness, of self-efficacy building strategies based on coaching experience, national team playing experience, education background. Subjects were 55 Korean tennis coaches coaching at the club, high school, or college level. Results indicated that Korean coaches used all 13 strategies designed to enhance self-efficacy to a moderate degree and found these techniques to be moderately effective. The most often-used strategies to enhance self-efficacy, as well as those strategies found most effective, included using instruction drills, using verbal persuasion, having the player imagine succeeding, acting confident, encouraging positive self-talk, employing physical-conditioning drills, emphasizing improvements in technique, and the modeling of other successful players. Results showed that there are little differences in self-efficacy building strategies discriminated in coaching experience, national team playing experience, education background. When comparing the results of the Korean, Australian, and American coaches, few differences were found. However, 3 countries coaches used more of the following self-efficacy strategies: using instruction drills, using verbal persuasion, acting confident, encouraging positive self-talk, and emphasizing improvements in technique. Results are discussed in terms of Bandura`s self-efficacy theory, Weinberg and Jackson`s(1990) efficacy-building strategies used by American tennis coaches, and Weinberg, Grove, & Jackson(1992) by Australian tennis coaches.

The purpose of this study was to develop an inventory of competitive state anxiety which is specific to the artistic gymnasts. The competitive state anxiety was divided into three lower-category : somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence. They selected 51 core terms with contents to agree with feeling of the state fear that gymnastics players had during a match. They determined 40 problems after sports psychology ruler and consultation one among 51 core terms. 40 preliminary problems to have been made in order to inspect that passed through a measurement psychology process. They stick there a state fear check of machine gymnastics players composed of a problem in 18 problem guns in 6 to be physical in six cognition enemy fear, physical fear 6 developed the past paper. The first materials and second materials measured machine gymnastics player junior high school student or above of 90 high school students before match opening 20 minute. The item-total correlation, common factor analysis, Cronbach`s alpha, the structure validity of this test were not proven as valid perfectly. So, it was needed attention to use this test. It was proper, and the intersection validity duty result of the first materials and the second materials did a theoretical factor to the three which were sub scope of state fear. Also, it was a low rank, and the human correlation line and the reliability count proved human subdivision anger. However, two problems to measure cognition enemy fear and physical fear in count structure line were crossed each other and showed a high correlation. If compunction everyone wrote down a confirmation enemy factor analysis and read structure that showed high relationship in the structure side of a correlation model concerned. They lets this test paper generalize, but must note data processing acid result interpretation to stand up in order to get a level of a satisfactory degree in the future.

The purposes of this study were (a) to introduce new concept of validity and (b) to suggest some guidelines so that researchers effectively implement its concept for developing psychological assessment instruments in sport science. The traditional concept of validity is known as content, construct, and criterion-related validity, whereas new concept of validity is not considered separate and distinct forms. That is, the varieties of validity evidence are not alternative but supplemented. Validity is not the property of an instrument but rather the meaning of test scores. There are different types of inferences for validity from test scores, but not types of validity. In this paper, the validation procedure was outlined to help researchers to develop new, translated, and modified sport psychological measures with sound evidence of validity.

The theory of reasoned action and the theory of planed behavior predicts that most determinant behavior is an individual`s behavioral intention which is determined by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. The confucian model replaces subjective norm with the two cultural specific constructs in Korea (group conformity and face saving). The purpose of this study was to compare and test the three theoretical models in exercise settings, and analyze the causalities among factors in the models, settings. It was hypothesized that the model of confucian reasoned action would show strong construct validity in comparison with other models, and group conformity and face saving would significantly predict exercise intention than the two models A battery of questionnaires were administered to 530 participants attending various exercise activities, and structural equation modeling(SEM) was conducted to test construct validity of the models. The fit indices of all models were acceptable in the result of SEM analyses, supporting the model structures as proposed. Exercise intention significantly predicted exercise adherence, and attitude and perceived control via exercise intention showed significant path coefficients. However, the path coefficient for subjective norm via exercise intention was not significant, and group conformity and face saving in the confucian reasoned action model did not significantly influence exercise intention. These results were discussed with theoretical and empirical evidences in exercise behaviors and future studies were suggested.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sport stress, social support and coping skills, on the severity of injury and number of days missed from training and competition due to injury. The participants consisted of 377 provincial sport athletes who selected in Gwangju·Chonnam, and investigated psychosocial variables of sport stress, social support, coping skills, on the severity of sport injury and frequency of sport injury. The results were as follows. In the analysis of correlations, there were significant(p < .05) correlations between sport stress and coping skills, whereas significant relationships were not found between other variables. The frequency of sport injury accounted for 1.6%(R^2) of the total variance in psychsocial variables(sport stress, social support, coping skills), and severity of sport injury accounted for 2.5%(R^2) of the total variance in psychsocial variables. In the analysis of path(sport stress: independent variables, social support·coping skills: extraneous variables, frequency and severity of sport injury: dependent variables), there were significant(p < .05) relationships between sport stress and coping skills, whereas significant relationships were not found between other variables. The results of this study were not consistent with past research that reported a relationship between psychosocial variables and sport injury. It was probably due to attempt of only analytical epidemiology. Future research should examine using methods of descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology to find occurrence of athletic injury in epidemiology.

It is well documented that athletes who overtrained definitely experience performance decrements as well as negative training adaptations. Therefore, to improve athletic performance, athletes must be optimally trained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of overtraining on the psychological well-being, psychological distress and fatigue of high school soccer players. Twenty-five high school soccer players were participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 17 to 18, with a mean age of 17.2 years, and mean experience of 3 years and 9 months. All subjects participated in three different training session(1 hour 30 min, 3 hours, and 4 hours 30 min) in a row. The interval of each training session was two days. The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale(SEES) was administrated to measure subjects` mood alteration before and after each training session. The results of this study indicated that subjects in the 4 hours and 30 min overtraining condition showed more increments in fatigue and psychological distress than the rest of two conditions. The results of this study also indicated that mood disturbance which may be a potential factor influencing performance increased significantly as the training load increased. Psychological responses to overtraining results in negative effects. The present study suggests that in order to improve athletic performance, coach should understand the negative effects of overtraining in terms of psychological functioning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and perceived risk of injury in youth soccer for the validation of youth sport injury model(Kontos, 2000) The valid subjects were 216 elementary and middle school male soccer players who enrolled in the soccer association of C province. All subjects completed the youth soccer injury questionary. Collected data were analyzed using frequency, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The conclusions were as followings: First, overall injury incidence rates in youth soccer are 0.95 injuries/1,000 hours of exposure. Second, global perception of social support and relationship-specific perception of social support are independent of one another. Third, perceived coach support has negative effect on the perceived risk of injury. Fourth, global perception of social support has positive effect on the risk-taking behavior.

In this study, to look into differences Physical Self-description according to the physical activity pattern for middle and high school students. 50 middle and high school students each participating in self-generative organization with ball game (First group hereafter), 50 middle and high school students each participating in drill hall with match game (Second group hereafter), and 43 middle and 40 high school students not participating in physical excercise (Third group hereafter), the total of 283 students were examined. The survey tools used in this study were the Physical Self-Description questionnaire in Korean version by Kim, Beuong-Jun(2001). The average and standard deviation were computed with the collected data according to the schools (middle and high school each) and the kinds of participation of physical activity. The results we got through two-way-ANOVA with examined data are as follows; 1. The first group is in the highest in aspect of the sports capability and appearance. In the physical activity, flexibility, endurance, muscle strength, general physical factors, the first group is also higher than the third group but makes no difference from the second group. 2. The second group is higher than the third group in all aspects but there is no difference from the first group. 3. The third group is higher than the second group in health factors but there is no difference from the first group. 4. There is no difference in all factors between middle and high school students, but the result of inspection for interaction effects of physical factors shows that high school students is higher than middle school students in the first group. 5. There is no difference in fat/slenderness and self-respect factors.

Cognition, emotion and motivation comprise the mind of a human being, emotion neglected in the past can lead cognition and motivation, and goal-pursuing processes are of importance in having an understanding of the achievement behaviors of human beings. In this context, Bagozzi, Baumgartner, & Rieters(1998) presented a goal-directed emotion model, which consists of goal situation, volitional processes, instrumental behaviors, goal attainment and goal-outcome emotion, and verifying its validity. However, this model has yet to be verified in sport contexts. That is why this study is needed. This paper was picked up high-school students as a population, carrying out stratified random sampling with school. As a result, the subjects were worked with a total of 455 students. Data analyses were resorted to an correlation analysis per variable and covariance structure analysis to verify the goal-directed emotion model. The result was that the goal-directed emotion model turns out to be suitable to Korean sports area. When they expect to succeed or fail in attaining goals, the anticipatory emotion has an influence on the will of the athletes, which has an impact on actual behaviors, and these behaviors determined goal attainment and goal-outcome emotion.